The Garden of the Finzi-Continis free essay sample

A discussion on the narrative voice in Giorgio Bassanis novel The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (Il Giardino dei Finzi Contini), as well as an analysis of the book and the film by the same name. This essay explores the narrative techniques used by the Italian Giorgio Bassani in his novel The Garden of the Finzi Continis (Il Giardino dei Finzi Contini), the effects and reasons for the floating and diverse way he narrates the novel. It also explores the film of the same name, and sees whether the director has employed the same techniques, why, and how. Bassanis Il Giardino dei Finzi-Contini is a novel of multiple viewpoints . The central (unnamed) figure acts as the dominant protagonist, yet his narrative voice is partnered by large quantities of text, the function of which is to express directly the dialogue of other characters. Such text brings to life the myriad of opinions held by the novels cast by often doing away with the narrative convention of recorded speech. We will write a custom essay sample on The Garden of the Finzi-Continis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also serves to highlight a certain transparency in the young man at the centre of the novel. Vittorio De Sica, in his transformation of the novel into a filmic text, adopts this floating narrative by taking advantage of the many visual techniques offered by the genre of film. The result is a multi-dimensional narrative, or view point, much like that of its literary companion. The transparency of the protagonist is diminished, however. The range of outlooks act simply to integrate a range of perspectives within the filmic text.

buy custom China Central University of Science and Technology essay

buy custom China Central University of Science and Technology essay How and why ESP is taught in China Central University of Science and Technology (A case study on ESP teaching in Central China University of Science and Technology) Please fill in the questionnaire to enable the researcher to get reliable information. The information received will be used for academic purpose only. A. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Gender a) Female b) male Please select your age bracket a) 51 years and above b) 41-50 years c) 31-40 years d) 21-30 years e) Below 20 years 3) Are you a student or a teacher? a) Student b) Teacher 4. Do you think teaching ESP is necessary when preparing for a career or a certain study? a) Yes b) No c) Dont Know 5. Do you think ESP learning in China Universities is done effectively? a) Yes b) No c) Not sure 6. Do you enjoy learning or teaching ESP course as demanded by your specialization? a) Yes b) No If yes or no state why......................................................................... 7. What are the main features in teaching ESP? Kindly mention them briefly using A comma to separate your points .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................... 8) How does ESP differ from GE in terms of teaching? ESP GE i i ii ii iii iii iv iv v v vi vi 9. Do you think there are favorable or unfavorable conditions faced by teachers of ESP in Wuhan University and Wuhan University of Technology a) Favorable b) Unfavorable If favorable or unfavorable mention them separating your points with a comma .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11. How can the mentioned unfavorable conditions be improved without altering favorable ones? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12. What perception do teachers and students have of ESP and the pedagogical approaches in teaching ESP?........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13. Are there enough ESP teaching materials in the Central China University of Science and Technology? Yes No If yes or no are they relevant? Yes No 14. Do you think that ESP courses taught in the Central China University of Science and Technology are content based? Yes they are No they are not 15. What would you recommend in improving ESP teaching in China Universities and other institutions of higher learning globally?........................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Key: ESP- English for Specific Purposes GE- General English (Use this symbol to mark your opinion) Buy custom China Central University of Science and Technology essay

Biography of Julius Kambarage Nyerere, Tanzanian Leader

Biography of Julius Kambarage Nyerere, Tanzanian Leader Julius Kambarage Nyerere  (March 1922 - October 14, 1999) was one of Africas leading independence heroes and leading light behind the creation of the Organization of African Unity. He was the architect of ujamaa,  an African socialist philosophy which revolutionized Tanzanias agricultural system. He was the prime minister of an independent Tanganyika and the first president of Tanzania. Fast Facts: Julius Kambarage Nyerere Known For: First president of Tanzania, architect of  ujamaa,  an African socialist philosophy which revolutionized Tanzanias agricultural system and one of the leaders of the Organization of African UnityBorn: March 1922, Butiama, TanganyikaDied: October 14, 1999, London, UKSpouse: Maria Gabriel Majige (m. 1953-1999)Children: Andrew Burito, Anna Watiku, Anselm Magige, John Guido, Charles Makongoro, Godfrey Madaraka, Rosemary Huria, Pauleta NyabananeNotable Quote: If a door is shut, attempts should be made to open it; if it is ajar, it should be pushed until it is wide open. In neither case should the door be blown up at the expense of those inside. Early Life Kambarage (the spirit which gives rain) Nyerere was born to Chief Burito Nyerere of the Zanaki (a small ethnic group in northern Tanganyika) and his fifth (out of 22) wife Mgaya Wanyangombe. Nyerere attended a local primary mission school, transferring in 1937 to Tabora Secondary School, a Roman Catholic mission and one of the few secondary schools open to Africans at that time. He was baptized a Catholic on December 23, 1943, and took the baptismal name Julius. Nationalistic Awareness Between 1943 and 1945 Nyerere attended Makerere University, in Ugandas capital Kampala, obtaining a teaching certificate. It was around this time that he took his first steps towards a political career. In 1945 he formed Tanganyikas first student group, an offshoot of the African Association, AA, (a pan-African group first formed by Tanganyikas educated elite in Dar es Salaam, in 1929). Nyerere and his colleagues began the process of converting the AA towards a nationalistic political group. Once he had gained his teaching certificate, Nyerere returned to Tanganyika to take up a teaching post at Saint Marys, a Catholic mission school in Tabora. He opened a local branch of the AA and was instrumental in converting the AA from its pan-African idealism to the pursuit of Tanganyikan independence. To this end, the AA restyled itself in 1948 as the Tanganyika African Association, TAA. Gaining a Wider Perspective In 1949 Nyerere left Tanganyika to study for an MA in economics and history at the University of Edinburgh. He was the first African from Tanganyika to study at a British university and, in 1952, was the first Tanganyikan to gain a degree. At Edinburgh, Nyerere became involved with the Fabian Colonial Bureau (a non-Marxist, anti-colonial socialist movement based in London). He watched intently Ghanas path to self-government  and was aware of the debates in Britain on the development of a Central African Federation (to be formed from a union of North and South Rhodesia and Nyasaland). Three years of study in the UK gave Nyerere an opportunity to vastly widen his perspective of pan-African issues. Graduating in 1952, he returned to teach at a Catholic school near Dar es Salaam. On January 24, 1953, he married primary school teacher Maria Gabriel Majige. Developing the Independence Struggle in Tanganyika This was a period of upheaval in west and south Africa. In neighboring Kenya the Mau Mau uprising was fighting against white settler rule, and a  nationalistic reaction was rising against the creation of the Central African Federation. But political awareness in Tanganyika was nowhere near as advanced as with its neighbors. Nyerere, who had become president of the TAA in April 1953, realized that a focus for African nationalism amongst the population was needed. To that end, in July 1954, Nyerere converted the TAA into Tanganyikas first political party, the Tanganyikan African National Union, or TANU. Nyerere was careful to promote nationalistic ideals without encouraging the kind of violence that was erupting in Kenya under the Mau Mau uprising. TANU manifesto was for independence on the basis of non-violent, multi-ethnic politics, and the promotion of social and political harmony. Nyerere was appointed to Tanganyikas Legislative Council (the Legco) in 1954. He gave up teaching the following year to pursue his career in politics. International Statesman Nyerere testified on behalf of TANU to the UN Trusteeship Council (committee on trusts and non-self-governing territories), in both 1955 and 1956. He presented the case for setting a timetable for Tanganyikan independence (this being one of the specified aims set down for a UN trust territory). The publicity he gained back in Tanganyika established him as the countrys leading nationalist. In 1957 he resigned from the Tanganyikan Legislative Council in protest over the slow progress independence. TANU contested the 1958 elections, winning 28 of 30 elected positions in the Legco. This was countered, however, by 34 posts which were appointed by the British authorities - there was no way for TANU to gain a majority. But TANU was making headway, and Nyerere told his people that Independence will follow as surely as the tickbirds follow the rhino. Finally with the election in August 1960, after changes to the Legislative Assembly were passed, TANU gained the majority it sought, 70 out of 71 seats. Nyerere became chief minister on September 2, 1960, and Tanganyika gained limited self-government. Independence In May 1961 Nyerere became prime minister, and on December 9, Tanganyika gained its independence. On January 22, 1962, Nyerere resigned from the premiership to concentrate on drawing up a republican constitution and to prepare TANU for government rather than liberation. On December 9, 1962, Nyerere was elected president of the new Republic of Tanganyika. Nyereres Approach to Government #1 Nyerere approached his presidency with a particularly African stance. First, he attempted to integrate into African politics the traditional style of African decision making (what is known as indaba in Southern Africa). A consensus is gained through a series of meetings in which everyone has an opportunity to say their piece. To help build national unity he adopted Kiswahili as the national language, making it the only medium of instruction and education. Tanganyika became one of the few African countries with an indigenous official national language. Nyerere also expressed a fear that multiple parties, as seen in Europe and the US, would lead to ethnic conflict in Tanganyika. Political Tensions In 1963 tensions on the neighboring island of Zanzibar started to impact on Tanganyika. Zanzibar had been a British protectorate, but on 10 December 1963, independence was gained as a Sultanate  (under Jamshid ibn Abd Allah) within the Commonwealth of Nations. A  coup on  January 12, 1964, overthrew the sultanate and established a new republic. Africans and Arabs were in conflict, and the aggression spread to the mainland - the Tanganyikan army mutinied. Nyerere went into hiding and was forced to ask Britain for military assistance. He set about strengthening his political control of both TANU and the country. In 1963 he established a  one-party state  which lasted until July 1, 1992, outlawed strikes, and created a centralized administration. A one-party state would allow collaboration and unity without any suppression of opposing views he stated. TANU was now the only legal political party in Tanganyika. Once order was restored Nyerere announced the merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika as a new nation; the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar came into being on April 26, 1964, with Nyerere as president. The country was renamed the Republic of Tanzania on October 29, 1964. Nyereres Approach to Government #2 Nyerere was reelected president of Tanzania in 1965 (and would be returned for another three successive  five-year  terms before resigning as president in 1985. His next step was to promote his system of African socialism, and on February 5, 1967, he presented the Arusha Declaration which set out his political and economic agenda. The Arusha Declaration was incorporated  into  TANUs constitution later that year. The central core of the Arusha Declaration was  ujamma, Nyereres take on an egalitarian socialist society based on cooperative agriculture. The policy was influential throughout the continent, but it ultimately proved to be flawed.  Ujamaa  is a Swahili word which means community or  family-hood. Nyereres  ujamaa  was a program of independent self-help which supposedly would keep Tanzania from becoming  dependant  on foreign aid. It emphasized economic cooperation, racial/tribal, and moralistic self-sacrifice. By the early  1970s, a program of villagization was slowly organizing rural life into village collectives. Initially voluntary, the process met with increasing resistance, and in 1975 Nyerere introduced forced villagization. Almost 80 percent of the population ended up organized into 7,700 villages. Ujamaa  emphasized the countrys need to be self-sufficient economically rather than being dependent on  foreign aid  and  foreign investment. Nyerere also set up mass literacy  campaigns  and provided free and universal education. In 1971, he introduced state ownership for banks, nationalized plantations and property. In January 1977 he merged TANU and Zanzibars Afro-Shirazi Party into a new national party - the  Chama Cha Mapinduzi  (CCM, Revolutionary State Party). Despite a great deal of planning and organization, agricultural production declined over the 70s, and by the 1980s, with falling world commodity prices (especially for coffee and sisal), its meager export base disappeared and Tanzania became the largest per-capita recipient of foreign aid in Africa. Nyerere on the International Stage Nyerere was a leading force behind the modern Pan-African movement, a leading figure in African politics in the 1970s, and was one of the founders of the Organization of African Unity, OAU, (now the  African Union). He was committed to supporting liberation movements in Southern Africa and was a forceful critic of the apartheid regime of South Africa, chairing a group of five frontline presidents who advocated the overthrow of white supremacists in South Africa, South-West Africa, and Zimbabwe. Tanzania became a favored venue for liberation army training camps and political offices. Sanctuary was given to members of South Africas  African National Congress, as well as similar groups from Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, and Uganda. As a strong supporter of the  Commonwealth of Nations, Nyerere helped engineer South Africas exclusion on the basis of its  apartheid  policies. When President  Idi Amin  of Uganda announced the deportation of all Asians, Nyerere denounced his administration. When Ugandan troops occupied a small border area of Tanzania in 1978 Nyerere pledged to bring the downfall of Amin. In 1979 20,000 troops from the Tanzanian army invaded Uganda to aid Ugandan rebels under the leadership of Yoweri Museveni. Amin fled into exile, and Milton Obote, a good friend of Nyerere, and the president Idi Amin had deposed back in 1971, was placed back in power. The economic cost to Tanzania of the incursion into Uganda was devastating, and Tanzania was unable to recover. Death Julius Kambarage Nyerere died on October 14, 1999, in London, UK, of  leukemia. Despite his failed policies, Nyerere remains a  deeply  respected figure both in Tanzania and Africa as a whole. He is referred to by his honorific title  mwalimu  (a Swahili word meaning teacher). Legacy and End of an Influential Presidency In 1985 Nyerere stepped down from the presidency in favor of Ali Hassan Mwinyi. But he refused to give up power completely, remaining leader of the CCM. When Mwinyi started to dismantle  ujamaa  and to privatize the economy, Nyerere ran interference. He spoke out against what he saw as too much reliance on international trade and the use of  gross  domestic product as the main measure of Tanzanias success. At the time of his departure, Tanzania was one of the worlds poorest countries. Agriculture has reduced to subsistence levels, transportation networks were fractured, and industry was crippled. At least  one-third  of the national budget was provided by foreign aid. On the positive side, Tanzania had Africas highest literacy rate (90 percent), had halved infant mortality, and was politically stable. In 1990 Nyerere gave up leadership of the CCM, finally admitting that some of his policies hadnt been successful. Tanzania held multiparty elections for the first time in 1995.

International Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

International Banking - Essay Example Banks, by their communally useful effort of converting temporary assets to standard and long-standing credits (changing maturities) get uncovered to liquidity hazards. Hence, the comprehensive banking catastrophe, which started in 2007 summer, has showed this peril and has pressed us to re-evaluate bank threat organization as a whole and liquidity risk specifically. As a result, this risk has gotten ignored until up to the present in errand of other hazards such as credit perils with market hazards. Actually, Basell I (1989) and Basell II (2005) expelled liquidity hazard control from their claim span. Transmission from financing liquidity hazard to marketplace liquidity risk does not involve a single direction. In fact, these dual risks can get jointly underpinning in a controlled system relating the spot to marketplace. Certainly, stock prices lower than their basic prices get instantly shown on the figure of banks balance sheets because of the spot to market (Evanoff 2007, 50).Thus, they get mandated to immediately streamline their balance sheets and discover themselves obliged to vend more resources cheaply to congregate solvency as well as capital dogmatic requirements. In this instance, banks get themselves entangled in hazardous descending liquidity curves. (Evanoff 2007, 50 bring to mind dual equilibriums. The foremost happens when marketplaces become liquid with good margin environment and painless access to funding for speculators, who as a result help out progress this liquidity via their actions. The next one takes place when bazaars become illiquid. Such raised margin necessities, restricts access to financing liquidity to investors who in the end offer smaller amount souk liquidity. Hence, this common strengthening of financing illiquidity with marketplace illiquidity gets mirrored in liquidity curves, which can be margins curves or loss curves. It refers to the plan

CRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRM - Essay Example 1. Introduction Is the customer always right? The customer may be the king, but is it worth pursuing to retain all the customer accounts? These are some of the dilemmas an organisation face, especially when a customer relationship have entered a cul-de-sac. The basic premise of customer relationship management is about attracting, developing, maintaining and retaining profitable customers over a period of time (Massey et al., 2001). Figure 1: The basic premise of customer relationship management Adapted from source: Massey et al., (2001) 2.Theoretical underpinning Payne and Frow (2005) delineate functional dimension of CRM and stated that it concerns with creating improved shareholder value through development of appropriate relationships with key customers and customer segments by making a fusion of the potential of relation marketing strategies with IT to create profitable, long-term relationships with customers and other key stakeholders. ... re 2: The service profit model suggested by Bentum and Stone (2005) Source: (Hussain et al., 2009, p.120) From the figure above, the service profit chain (SPC) is evident and urges that the value creation process is indeed a horizontal cross-functional process, rather than standalone views contained within each function (Heskett et al., 1994). Behind the theoretical underpinning of CRM, a major vector is to be able to fight competition; and an enterprise after implementing the CRM system should be profitable and add to shareholder’s value. However, at the core of the CRM remains the customer which must be attracted, developed, maintained, and retained in a profitable way. But does it mean that all the customers to be retained for as long as possible? Should the organisation pursue it with obsession? Saubert’s (2011) case study on â€Å"Which accounts are worth keeping?† provides a clue to this question. Saubert suggests that there should be a fruitful communion o f attrition propensity and profitability models (Saubert, 2011). Studying in the context of Australian Banks for credit card holders, Saubert opine that while devising customer retention strategies, firms should weigh the value earned from each customer. The firm’s CRM strategy needs to be guided by answer to two fundamental questions: Figure 3: Two fundamental question that must guide a firm's CRM strategy Adapted from source: (Saubert, 2011) Saubert (2011) opines that while firms usually strive to increase customer loyalty and reduce attrition but tend to overlook these two questions. The Performance Improvement Council (2008) states that in an ideal world, loyal long term customer relationships would eventually evolve towards partnerships and quotes Michael LeBoeuf, author of How to Win Customers & Keep

Preparation of Diphenylisoxazoline by a Dipolar Cycloadditio

Preparation of Diphenylisoxazoline by a Dipolar Cycloadditio Aims The aims of this experiment were: to synthesise a diphenylisoxazoline by a 1,3- dipolar cycloaddition reaction this involved the preparation of an oxime which was oxidised to form a rather unstable nitrile oxide which was trapped in situ with an alkene to yield an isoxazoline.; to fully characterise both, the intermediate oxime and the final isoxazoline, with Infra-Red and Proton NMR spectra. Experimental Preparation of benzaldehyde oxime In a fume cupboard, sodium hydroxide (3.5g) was dissolved in water (30mL) in a 100mL conical flask containing a magnetic stirrer bar. The solution was then allowed to cool down to ambient temperature and benzaldehyde (0.5mL) was added followed by hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.5g). The stirrer was set to a maximum potency to allow for vigorous stiring for about 5 minutes. The conical flask was stopped at this stage. After 5 minutes, the stopper was removed from the flask and further portions of benzaldehyde (0.5mL) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.5g) were added. This sequence was repeated until all the benzaldehyde (total 5.1mL) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (total 4.2g) were consumed. The reaction mixture warmed up and the solution became homogeneous indicates complete consumption of benzaldehyde. With the aid of a broad-range pH indicator, the reaction mixture was neutralised with glacial acetic acid (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 1.6mL). At this stage a few drops of water were added to help dissolving any sodium acetate precipitate formed. The solution was then allowed to cool and the organic material (top layer) extracted with diethyl ether (2 x 30mL) to a 100mL beaker. A few spatulas of magnesium sulphate were added to the beaker to dry the organic extracts. The mixture was filtered off into a round-bottomed flask and the solvent removed on a rotary evaporator. The yield and the IR spectrum of the oil were recorded. 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction Again in a fume cupboard, styrene (2.9mL) and triethylamine (0.3mL) were dissolved in dichloromethane (15mL) in a 100 mL conical flask. Sodium hypochloride solution (25mL, ca. 10% available chlorine) was added whilst stirring with the aid of a magnetic stirrer bar already in the flask. The flask was placed into an ice bath and the oily oxime (2.5g) was added dropwise with the aid of a Pasteur pipette over a period of 15 minutes. Once addition was completed, the reaction mixture was allowed to stir in the ice bath for a further period of 45 minutes. The whole reaction mixture was transferred to a separating funnel where it was allowed to stand for a few minutes before the lower organic phase was extracted. Afterwards, the remaining aqueous phase was extracted with further dichloromethane (15mL) and both organic extracts combined and dried over magnesium sulphate (a few spatulas as required). The mixture was filtered into a round-bottomed flask, to remove the magnesium sulphate. The flask was placed onto a rotary evaporator to remove any remaining solvent. The weight of the crude product was recorded and the same recrystallised from ethanol. An IR spectrum was run through the pure product and the yield recorded. Results Percentage yield Step 1: Preparation of Benzaldehyde Oxime The first step of this experiment was to synthesise the benzaldehyde oxime. The reaction scheme for this synthesis is as follows: Stoichiometric ratio 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡1 Benzaldehyde used = 5.1mL | density benzaldehyde = 1.0415 gml-1, mass = 5.31g (3 S.F.) Molecular mass = 106.12 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles = (3 S.F.) NH2OHà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢HCl used = 4.2g | Molecular mass = 69.5 gmol.1, hence n. of moles = NaOH used = 3.5g | Molecular mass = 40 gmol.1, hence n. of moles = Experimental ratio Stoichiometric ratio 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡1, hence benzaldehyde is the limiting reagent. N. of moles of benzaldehyde = n. of moles of benzaldehyde oxime Benzaldehyde oxime yield = 4.43g |Molecular mass = 121.139 gmol.1, thus n. of moles = Step 2: 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction The preparation of the diphenylisoxazoline by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition follows the following reaction scheme: Benzaldehyde oxime used = 2.50g | Molecular mass = 121.14 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles = Styrene used = 2.90mL = 2.64g | Molecular mass = 104.15 gmol-1, hence n. of moles = NaOCl (ca. 10% available Cl) used = 25 mL | density NaOCl = 1.206 gmL-1, hence 30.15g used. Molecular mass = 74.5 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles = C6H15N used = 0.3 mL | density C6H15N = 0.726 gcm-3, hence 0.218g used. Molecular mass = 101.19 gmol-1, therefore n. of moles = Stoichiometric ratio of benzaldehyde oxime reacting with styrene is of 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡1 Benzaldehyde oxime is the limiting reagent N. of moles of benzaldehyde oxime = n. of moles of diphenylisoxazoline Yield of diphenylisoxazoline = 1.00g | molecular mass = 223.270 gmol-1, thus n. of moles = Overall % yield Spectroscopic data Coupling Constants: H8 at CD: 2J8,7 = 16.4 Hz , 3J8,6 = 8.4 Hz H7 at CD: 2J7,8 = 16.4 Hz , 3J7,6 = 11.2 Hz H6 at CE: 3J6,7 = 11.2 Hz, 3J6,8 = 8.4 Hz Infra-Red Spectra Benzaldehyde Oxime O-H- (stretch) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 3500-3100 cm-1, broad peak C=N- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 1650 cm-1 sp3 C-H à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  3100-2750 (including aldehyde sp3 C-H) C=C aromatic à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  1450-1500 cm-1 ­ (3 medium peaks). N-OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 960 cm-1 3,5-Diphenyl-2-isoxazoline N-O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  920 cm-1 (sharp, medium) sp3 (phenyl) C-H and sp2 (azoline) C-H (stretch) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 2800-3200 cm-1 C-O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 900 cm-1 (sharp, strong) C=C aromatic à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  1450-1500 cm-1 ­ C=N- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 1650 cm-1 (sharp, weak) Other Data Before the organic phase was extracted, during the synthesis of benzaldehyde oxime, the reaction mixture was neutralized with glacial acetic acid, as per stated in the experimental session of this paper. The amount of acid necessary was calculated as follows, in order to ensure an accurate amount of acid added to the reaction mixture: N. of moles NaOH = NH2OHà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢HCl n. of moles = Excess of NaOH used = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ n. of moles of CH3CO2H needed. Molecular mass CH3CO2H = 60.1 gmol-1 , hence mass of CH3CO2H = 1.63g. Density of CH3CO2H = 1.049 g/mL, therefore volume needed à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  1.60 mL Discussion Preparation of benzaldehyde oxime The first step of this experiment: Preparation of benzaldehyde oxime, is a simple condensation reaction between an aldehyde (benzaldehyde) and hydroxylamine. The benzaldehyde oxime prepared was clear oil with a relatively good % yield (73%). The comparison between the infrared spectra of the benzaldehyde oxime in the literature and the one recorded for this experiment (attached in the end of this paper) clearly indicates the successful preparation of the same. The Nujol © peaks are shown more strongly in the prepared spectra, but nevertheless it proves a clear way of identifying the functional groups of this compound. M.p. ranges were not measured, and therefore even though the IR spectrum correlates to the actual oximes, its purity should be treated as questionable. 1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction In this second step of the experiment, the syn-benzaldehyde oxime produced undergoes hypochlorite oxidation to form the 1,3-dipolar benzonitrile oxide which then reacts with the dipolariphile styrene in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The benzonitrile oxide is termed 1,3-dipole because of one of the resonance forms in which the formal position of the positive and negative charges are 1,3 with respect to one another. However, the term 1,3 does not directly relate to the position of the charges themselves but to the position of the bonding atoms in the dipolar molecule. In this cycloaddition reaction, the dipole atoms in position 1 and 3 of the benzonitrile oxime (LUMO) bind to the styrene (HOMO) to form diphenylisoxazoline. Benzonitrile oxime contributes four à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons to the system: two à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons from the à Ã¢â€š ¬ bond and two non-bonding electrons from the oxygen or nitrogen. On the other hand, the dipolariphile styrene contributes further two à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons. In total [4 + 2]: an electronically allowed cycloadattion in which all 4 +2 electrons are in the ground state (termal). Depending of the spacial orientation of the styrene in solution, there are two theoretical products possible: 3,4 regioisomer 3,5 regioisomer The reaction therefore allows 5-membered rings synthesis, proceeding with high stereospecificity. The study of spectra data such as infrared and 1H-NMR allows not only the confirmation of the final product but also helps to determine the regioselectivity of the reaction. Infra-red Spectra By evaluation of the spectrum of diphenylisoxazoline, one can confirm the product synthesised. The peaks mentioned in the results session of this paper are indeed in accordance to the 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline structure. By comparison to the previous oxime spectrum, it is obvious the absence of the OH- group and the formation of a C-O bond. The sp2 hybrydised C-H stretches are also seen in the diphenylisoxazoline spectrum. Diastereostopic Systems and 1H-NMR Spectra Diastereostopic groups are not equivalent and have different chemical shits in NMR. A pair of hydrogens located in a carbon atom adjacent to a stereocenter is expected to be diastereostopic. Diastereostopic protons According to Pavia et al, in some compounds with diastereostopic hydrogens, the chemical shifts of Ha and Hb are different and the peaks split each other into doublet of doublets (2Jab). In this case of 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline, the adjacent proton Hc shows large differences between the vicinal couplings between ac (3Jac) and bc (3Jbc). Refering to NMR results in the results section, the geminal coupling constant between hydrogen 8 and 7 is large. Therefore, the presence of the diastereostopic hydrogens is confirmed as the geminal coupling depends upon the bond angle between both protons. In practice the smaller the angle the larger the coupling constant. H8 at CD: 2J8,7 = 16.4 Hz and H7 at CD: 2J7,8 = 16.4 Hz However, the question remains: Which is the final product: 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline or 3,4-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline? By using an H-NMR predictor, one can estimate the difference in chemical shifts between the diastereostopic and adjacent protons in both compounds. 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline or 3,4-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline? The use of an H-NMR predictor will help to understand the final product and its regioselectivity. Spectrum Prediction of H-NMR spectrum of 3,5-diphenylisoxazoline. See references Spectrum Prediction of H-NMR spectrum of 3,4-diphenylisoxazoline. See references As one can see, the chemical shifts predicted for the 3,5-diphenyl product in respect to diastereostopic hydrogens and the methine hydrogens are: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 3ppm and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 6ppm respectively. On the other hand, the chemical shifts for the 3,4-diphenyl product in respect to diastereostopic hydrogens and the methine hydrogens are: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 5ppm and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 4.5ppm respectively. The above values for the 3,5-diphenyl product are in close relation to the ones in the results section and hence the final product is the 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline. For the 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline, the vicinal coupling are in accordance to the structure of the this regio-isomer. H8 at CD: 3J8,6 = 8.4 Hz H7 at CD: 3J7,6 = 11.2 Hz H6 at CE: 3J6,7 = 11.2 Hz, 3J6,8 = 8.4 Hz The vicinal coupling constant depends upon the dihedral angle between the nuclei. As such, the 3,4-diphenyl product would have very different values. Furthermore, by looking at the structure of both compounds one could say that the 3,4-diphenyl product allows more steric hindrance than the 3,5-diphenyl product. Diazomethane and Ozone Ozone and diazomethane both behave as 1,3-dipoles. Their reactions with styrene also yields 5-membered rings. Ozone with Styrene Resonance forms of ozone as 1,3-dipoles Diazomethane with Styrene Conclusion Both reactions were successful and the products characterized. The regioselectivity of the isoxazoline was analysed by H-NMR spectrum and the product determined to be 3,5-diphenylisoxazoline. Melting point ranges could have helped to determine the purity of the samples. In order to further understand the factors contributing to the regioselectivity product of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, molecular modelling software could be used to determine energy differences between the products and transition states and whether the reaction is thermodynamically or kinetically favoured or both. In conjunction with frontier orbital of both HOME and LUMO and vice versa of the reagents, one could determine the reason for one product being more favoured than other. Nevertheless, the reaction of styrene with 1,3-dipolar benzaldehyde oxime yields 3,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline

Lewy Body Dementia

Non-preventable and Non-reversible: Lewy Body Dementia On April 10th 2010, my dad informed me that my grandmother had passed away. She was 90-years-old, and although she may have lived a long life, the last eight or so years of her life were very rough. The official reason she passed away was because of Lewy Body Dementia. This degenerative disease, meaning it is not reversible, is thought to have sprouted from an infection she had in her kidneys in 2002.She lived at home for a while after her kidney disease was found and treated, but was moved to an assisted living center in 2007 because of occasional hallucinations, and family was unable to stay with her at her home. As time progressed, her dementia got worse. She slowly started having hallucinations more frequently, became very forgetful, and eventually was unable to perform any tasks on her own. â€Å"Dementia is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. It affects memory, thinking, language, judgment, and beha vior,† stated by Google Health. Mayoclinic. om suggests that â€Å"in Lewy body dementia, abnormal round structures — called Lewy bodies — develop in regions of your brain involved in thinking and movement. †Although the specific cause of dementia is unknown, specialists believe that it relates to Alzheimer’s Disease, and Parkinson’s Disease. Evidence of these two diseases has been seen in Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) The cause may not be known, but there are many symptoms that can be easily noticed without difficult tests, such as detailed hallucinations, trembling hands, delusions, sleep difficulties, and more. A clinical diagnosis of LBD can be probable or possible based on different symptom combinations,â€Å" discusses Lbda. org, the Lewy Body Dementia Association website. A probable diagnosis consists of dementia plus two or more core features, or dementia plus a single core feature and one or more suggestive features. A possible diagnosis is dementia plus one core feature, or dementia and one or more suggestive features.Core features are changing cognition with variations of attention or alertness, very detailed hallucinations, and unconsciously having Parkinson’s Disease movements. A suggestive feature includes REM sleep behavior disorder, sensitivity to neuroleptics (a drug used for calming), and low dopamine transporter uptake in the brains basal ganglia, which connects to main parts of the brain like the cerebral cortex and thalamus. LBD cannot be cured, it can only be slowed down. Since there is no cure, doctors can only treat individual symptoms.They use medications for Alzheimer’s Disease to increase the levels of neurotransmitters to help with cognition, Parkinson’s Disease, for muscular issues, but these can increase hallucinations and delusions. Also, doctors may use an antipsychotic medication, which is a neuroleptic, and many LBD patients are severely sensitive to these. Some simple therapy can also be used, such as removing clutter and background noise from the environment, and breaking tasks into simpler steps which will help them focus.Also, how a caregiver responds to a person with LBD is crucial. They should not quiz the person, or question them, they should just validate any concerns, which will usually get rid of the issue at hand for the moment. Lewy Body Dementia is not preventable, but there are certain risks that make it more likely for one to have it when they are older, such as being over 60, being male, and having history of dementia in the family. In conclusion, LBD is an issue that has an effect 15-35% of all dementias, virtualmedicalcentre. com confirms.I have realized that I will probably be diagnosed with this when I am older, because my grandma, and great-grandma on my dads side both had this, and my great-grandma on my moms side is getting the beginning signs of LBD. Because of research, we can understand why certain things happen to us, an d how they happen.Works Cited â€Å"Dementia. † Google Health. Web. 30 Oct. 2010. . Mayo Clinic Staff. â€Å"Lewy Body Dementia – MayoClinic. com. † Mayo Clinic Medical Information and Tools for Healthy Living – MayoClinic. com. 17 Sept. 2010. Web. 30 Oct. 2010. . Welcome to the Lewy Body Dementia Association. Web. 31 Oct. 2010. .